ForMyGluco← Home

Source Index

This page is generated from the data; it updates itself when an article or a source is added.

This page collects every source the ForMyGluco articles rest on. Because the same source can be cited by several articles, the list is deduplicated by address; under each citation you will find the articles that use it.

The rules the sources are chosen under live on their own page: Editorial Policy. In short: an article without sources does not get published, every article must carry at least one primary source, and this is enforced at build time.

Citations are printed identically in all four languages, because a source is not translated. If you spot an error in one, tell me: support@formygluco.app

Summary

InstitutionTypeUnique sourcesCitations
PubMed Central (PMC)database102113
PubMeddatabase100140
NCBI Bookshelfdatabase4367
Diabetes Journals (American Diabetes Association)journal829
World Health Organization (WHO)institution825
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)institution34
PLOSjournal33
DOI permanent linkdatabase22
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicinejournal12
TEMD (Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Türkiye)institution131
International Diabetes Federation (IDF)institution11
JAMA Networkjournal11
SAGE Journalsjournal11
KEDD (Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes Association, Türkiye)institution15
NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence)institution12
NIDDK (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)institution11
The Lancetjournal11
Turkish Diabetes Foundation (Türkiye Diyabet Vakfı)institution13

PubMed Central (PMC)

pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 102 unique sources · 113 citations

  1. Agashe S, Petak S. Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy in Diabetes Mellitus. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2018;14(4):251-256. doi:10.14797/mdcj-14-4-251
    Cited by: Which situations can’t wait?
  2. Ahmed A, Tan Z, Abd El-Radi W, Rajamani K. Insulin Versus Established GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, DPP-4 Inhibitors, and SGLT-2 Inhibitors for Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Cureus. 2025;17(9):e92175. doi:10.7759/cureus.92175
    Cited by: What happens if pills aren’t enough?
  3. Alejandro EU, Gregg B, Blandino-Rosano M, Cras-Méneur C, Bernal-Mizrachi E. Natural history of beta-cell adaptation and failure in type 2 diabetes. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 2015;42:19-41. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2014.12.002
    Cited by: What is type 2 diabetes, how does it develop?, What happens if pills aren’t enough?
  4. Ali O. Genetics of type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes. 2013;4(4):114-123. doi:10.4239/wjd.v4.i4.114
    Cited by: Is diabetes hereditary, and does family history raise risk?
  5. Almigbal TH, Alzarah SA, Aljanoubi FA, et al. Clinical Inertia in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(1):182. doi:10.3390/medicina59010182
    Cited by: What happens if pills aren’t enough?
  6. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl. 1):S89–S131.
    Cited by: Are sweeteners harmful?, How does alcohol affect blood sugar?
  7. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 7. Diabetes technology: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S150-S165. doi:10.2337/dc26-S007. PMCID: PMC12690173.
    Cited by: Why does testing frequency vary from person to person?, Why do two readings from the same finger differ?, What is continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)?, Why do you change the injection site?, What is an insulin pen?
  8. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S183-S215. PMCID: PMC12690185.
    Cited by: Is starting insulin a failure?, Do herbs that lower blood sugar really work?
  9. Arbit E, Kidron M. Oral Insulin: The Rationale for This Approach and Current Developments. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2009;3(3):562–567.
    Cited by: Why isn’t insulin taken as a pill?
  10. Atkinson M, Gharti P, Min T. Metformin Use and Vitamin B12 Deficiency in People with Type 2 Diabetes. What Are the Risk Factors? A Mini-systematic Review. touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology. 2024;20(2):42-53.
    Cited by: What does metformin do?
  11. Bailey CJ. Pharmacological therapies for type 2 diabetes: future approaches (narrative review). Diabetologia. 2025;69(1):20–35. doi:10.1007/s00125-025-06581-6
    Cited by: How many groups do diabetes medications fall into?
  12. Balogh EG, Perez-Nieves M, Cao D, Hadjiyianni II, Ashraf N, Desai U, Snoek FJ, Sturt JA. Key Strategies for Overcoming Psychological Insulin Resistance in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: The UK Subgroup in the EMOTION Study. Diabetes Therapy. 2020;11(8):1735-1744. PMCID: PMC7376995.
    Cited by: Is starting insulin a failure?
  13. Barker HL, Morrison D, Llano A, Sainsbury CAR, Jones GC. Practical Guide to Glucocorticoid Induced Hyperglycaemia and Diabetes. Diabetes Therapy. 2023;14(5):937-945.
    Cited by: Do medications affect each other?
  14. Barola A, Tiwari P, Bhansali A, Grover S, Dayal D. Insulin-Related Lipohypertrophy: Lipogenic Action or Tissue Trauma? Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2018;9:638.
    Cited by: Why do you change the injection site?
  15. Basu R, Johnson ML, Kudva YC, Basu A. Exercise, Hypoglycemia, and Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 2014;16(6):331-337.
    Cited by: Does physical activity cause your blood sugar to drop?
  16. Bowen ME, Cavanaugh KL, Wolff K, Davis D, Gregory RP, Shintani A, Eden S, Wallston K, Elasy T, Rothman RL. The Diabetes Nutrition Education Study Randomized Controlled Trial: a Comparative Effectiveness Study of Approaches to Nutrition in Diabetes Self-Management Education. Patient Education and Counseling, 2016;99(8):1368-1376. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2016.03.017
    Cited by: What is a portion, and how is it measured?, What is carb counting?
  17. Brealey D, Singer M. Hyperglycemia in Critical Illness: A Review. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2009;3(6):1250-1260.
    Cited by: What happens to medications on sick days?
  18. Bright D, Dunseath G, Berti F, Scuffi C, Valgimigli F, Luzio S. Accuracy evaluation of a blood glucose monitoring system according to EN ISO 15197:2015. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2017;11(4):849-850. doi:10.1177/1932296817695340
    Cited by: Why do two readings from the same finger differ?
  19. Burgess JL, Wyant WA, Abdo Abujamra B, Kirsner RS, Jozic I. Diabetic Wound-Healing Science. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(10):1072. doi:10.3390/medicina57101072
    Cited by: Why do wounds heal slowly?
  20. Cai M, Dou B, Pugh JE, Lett AM, Frost GS. The impact of starchy food structure on postprandial glycemic response and appetite: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized crossover trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(2):472-487. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab098
    Cited by: What is the glycemic index, and is it useful?
  21. Canuto R, da Silva Garcez A, Kac G, de Lira PIC, Olinto MTA. Eating frequency and weight and body composition: a systematic review of observational studies. Public Health Nutrition. 2017;20(12):2079–2095.
    Cited by: Is a between-meal snack a must?
  22. Cappon G, Vettoretti M, Sparacino G, Facchinetti A. Continuous glucose monitoring sensors for diabetes management: a review of technologies and applications. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal. 2019;43(4):383-397. doi:10.4093/dmj.2019.0121
    Cited by: What is continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)?
  23. Charman WN, Adnan, Atchison DA. Gradients of refractive index in the crystalline lens and transient changes in refraction among patients with diabetes. Biomed Opt Express. 2012;3(12):3033–3042. doi:10.1364/BOE.3.003033
    Cited by: What does diabetes do to the eyes?
  24. Cohen RM, Franco RS, Khera PK, et al. Red cell life span heterogeneity in hematologically normal people is sufficient to alter HbA1c. Blood. 2008;112(10):4284–4291.
    Cited by: What is HbA1c, and why the three-month name?
  25. Czech MP. Insulin action and resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nature Medicine. 2017;23(7):804-814. doi:10.1038/nm.4350
    Cited by: What is insulin resistance, and does it mean diabetes?
  26. Davidson MB, Schriger DL, Peters AL, Lorber B. Revisiting the oral glucose tolerance test criterion for the diagnosis of diabetes. J Gen Intern Med. 2000;15(8):551–555. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.08024.x
    Cited by: What is the glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?
  27. Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, Gabbay RA, Green J, Maruthur NM, Rosas SE, Del Prato S, Mathieu C, Mingrone G, Rossing P, Tankova T, Tsapas A, Buse JB. Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2022;45(11):2753-2786.
    Cited by: Do diabetes medications make you gain weight?
  28. Diaz-Valencia PA, Bougnères P, Valleron AJ. Global epidemiology of type 1 diabetes in young adults and adults: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:255. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1591-y
    Cited by: What is type 1 diabetes, and what causes it?
  29. Dyńka D, Rodzeń Ł, Rodzeń M, et al. Intermittent fasting in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Front Nutr. 2025;12:1629154.
    Cited by: What does a long fast do in diabetes?
  30. Eichenlaub M, Pleus S, Freckmann G. A proposal for the clinical characterization of continuous glucose monitoring trend arrow accuracy. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2024;18(4):800-807. doi:10.1177/19322968241232679
    Cited by: What is continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)?
  31. Evert AB. Treatment of Mild Hypoglycemia. Diabetes Spectrum. 2014;27(1):58–62. doi:10.2337/diaspect.27.1.58
    Cited by: What do you do when blood sugar drops?
  32. Ewers B, Blond MB, Bruun JM, Vilsboll T. Comparing the Effectiveness of Different Dietary Educational Approaches for Carbohydrate Counting on Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: Findings from the DIET-CARB Study, a Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 2024;16(21):3745. doi:10.3390/nu16213745
    Cited by: What is carb counting?
  33. Faulkner GP, Livingstone MBE, Pourshahidi LK, Spence M, Dean M, O’Brien S, Gibney ER, Wallace JMW, McCaffrey TA, Kerr MA. An evaluation of portion size estimation aids: precision, ease of use and likelihood of future use. Public Health Nutrition, 2016;19(13):2377-2387. doi:10.1017/S1368980016000082
    Cited by: What is a portion, and how is it measured?
  34. Fonseca VA. Defining and Characterizing the Progression of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(Suppl 2):S151-S156.
    Cited by: Why does treatment change over time?
  35. Galdón Sanz-Pastor A, Justel Enríquez A, Sánchez Bao A, Ampudia-Blasco FJ. Current barriers to initiating insulin therapy in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2024;15:1366368. PMCID: PMC10979640.
    Cited by: Is starting insulin a failure?
  36. Gerontiti E, Shalit A, Stefanaki K, et al. The role of low glycemic index and load diets in medical nutrition therapy for type 2 diabetes: an update. Hormones (Athens). 2024;23(4):655-665. doi:10.1007/s42000-024-00566-7
    Cited by: What is the glycemic index, and is it useful?
  37. Gibson AA, Hsu MSH, Rangan AM, Seimon RV, Lee CMY, Das A, Finch CH, Sainsbury A. Accuracy of hands v. household measures as portion size estimation aids. Journal of Nutritional Science, 2016;5:e29. doi:10.1017/jns.2016.22
    Cited by: What is a portion, and how is it measured?
  38. Ginsberg BH. Factors affecting blood glucose monitoring: sources of errors in measurement. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2009;3(4):903-913. doi:10.1177/193229680900300438
    Cited by: How do you check blood sugar at home?
  39. Gómez-Ruiz RP, Cabello-Hernández AI, Gómez-Pérez FJ, Gómez-Sámano MÁ. Meal frequency strategies for the management of type 2 diabetes subjects: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2024;19(2):e0298531.
    Cited by: Is a between-meal snack a must?
  40. Gregg EW, Chen H, Bancks MP, et al. Impact of remission from type 2 diabetes on long-term health outcomes: findings from the Look AHEAD study. Diabetologia. 2024;67(3):459-469. doi:10.1007/s00125-023-06048-6
    Cited by: Does diabetes go away, or is it permanent?
  41. Gupta RC, Chang D, Nammi S, Bensoussan A, Bilinski K, Roufogalis BD. Interactions between antidiabetic drugs and herbs: an overview of mechanisms of action and clinical implications. Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome. 2017;9:59.
    Cited by: Do medications affect each other?
  42. Hall KD, Kahan S. Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity. Med Clin North Am. 2018;102(1):183-197.
    Cited by: Why is losing weight so hard?
  43. Hammad MA, Tangiisuran B, Kharshid AM, et al. Drug-drug Interaction-related Uncontrolled Glycemia. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences. 2017;9(4):221-228.
    Cited by: Do medications affect each other?
  44. Hirsch IB, Juneja R, Beals JM, Antalis CJ, Wright EE. The Evolution of Insulin and How it Informs Therapy and Treatment Choices. Endocrine Reviews. 2020;41(5):733–755. doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaa015
    Cited by: What are the types of insulin?
  45. Hollands GJ, Shemilt I, Marteau TM, Jebb SA, Lewis HB, Wei Y, Higgins JPT, Ogilvie D. Portion, package or tableware size for changing selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;(9):CD011045.
    Cited by: Does what I eat matter more than how much?
  46. Hölzen L, Schultes B, Meyhöfer SM, Meyhöfer S. Hypoglycemia Unawareness—A Review on Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications. Biomedicines. 2024;12(2):391. doi:10.3390/biomedicines12020391
    Cited by: How can you tell your blood sugar is dropping?
  47. Huang K, Mi B, Xiong Y, et al. Angiogenesis during diabetic wound repair: from mechanism to therapy opportunity. Burns Trauma. 2025;13:tkae052. doi:10.1093/burnst/tkae052
    Cited by: Why do wounds heal slowly?
  48. Ibrahim SMH, Shahat EA, Amer LA, Aljohani AK. The Impact of Using Carbohydrate Counting on Managing Diabetic Patients: A Review. Cureus, 2023;15(11):e48998. doi:10.7759/cureus.48998
    Cited by: What is carb counting?
  49. Jacob JJ. Insulin Storage Guidance for Patients with Diabetes Using Insulin. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2023;27(2):93–95. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.374161
    Cited by: How do you store insulin?
  50. Jalleh RJ, Talley NJ, Horowitz M, Nauck MA. The science of safety: adverse effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists as glucose-lowering and obesity medications. J Clin Invest. 2026;136(4):e194740. doi:10.1172/JCI194740
    Cited by: What are the side effects of diabetes medications?
  51. James H, Gonsalves WI, Manjunatha S, et al. The Effect of Glucagon on Protein Catabolism During Insulin Deficiency: Exchange of Amino Acids Across Skeletal Muscle and the Splanchnic Bed. Diabetes. 2022;71(8):1636–1648. doi:10.2337/db22-0079
    Cited by: Why does diabetes cause constant thirst and weight loss?
  52. Janež A, Fioretto P. SGLT2 Inhibitors and the Clinical Implications of Associated Weight Loss in Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review. Diabetes Therapy. 2021;12(8):2249-2261.
    Cited by: Do diabetes medications make you gain weight?
  53. Jenkins DJA, Willett WC. Perspective on the health value of carbohydrate-rich foods: glycemic index and load; fiber and whole grains. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024;120(3):468-470. doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.07.004
    Cited by: Which foods raise blood sugar?
  54. Joseph J. Beyond the Triad: Uncommon Initial Presentations in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cureus. 2025;17(8):e89525. doi:10.7759/cureus.89525
    Cited by: What are the first signs of diabetes?
  55. Kahleova H, Belinova L, Malinska H, et al. Eating two larger meals a day (breakfast and lunch) is more effective than six smaller meals in a reduced-energy regimen for patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover study. Diabetologia. 2014;57(8):1552–1560.
    Cited by: Is a between-meal snack a must?
  56. Kanat M, Mari A, Norton L, Winnier D, DeFronzo RA, Jenkinson C, Abdul-Ghani MA. Distinct beta-cell defects in impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes. 2012;61(2):447-453. doi:10.2337/db11-0995
    Cited by: What do fasting and post-meal blood sugar measure?
  57. Karedath J, Nall S, Kaur M, et al. Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Oral Versus Subcutaneous Semaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus. 2025;17(4):e82497. doi:10.7759/cureus.82497
    Cited by: What happens if pills aren’t enough?
  58. Kim D, Ahn BI. Eating Out and Consumers' Health: Evidence on Obesity and Balanced Nutrition Intakes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(2):586.
    Cited by: What changes when you eat out?
  59. Kim S, Song Y. Glycemic response to SSBs and ASBs: the role of mixed meals and individual variability. Nutrition Journal. 2025;24:113.
    Cited by: Which drinks raise blood sugar?
  60. Kim Y, Kim W, Kim JK, Moon JY, Park S, Park CW, et al. Blood Pressure Control in Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease. Electrolyte & Blood Pressure. 2022;20(2):39–48. doi:10.5049/EBP.2022.20.2.39
    Cited by: What does diabetes do to the kidneys?
  61. Kulzer B, Freckmann G, Ziegler R, Schnell O, Glatzer T, Heinemann L. Nocturnal Hypoglycemia in the Era of Continuous Glucose Monitoring. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2024;18(5):1052-1060.
    Cited by: How can you tell blood sugar dropped at night?, Does physical activity cause your blood sugar to drop?
  62. La Sala L, Pontiroli AE. New Fast Acting Glucagon for Recovery from Hypoglycemia, a Life-Threatening Situation: Nasal Powder and Injected Stable Solutions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(19):10643. doi:10.3390/ijms221910643
    Cited by: What is glucagon, and when is it needed?
  63. Lachin JM, Nathan DM; DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Understanding Metabolic Memory: The Prolonged Influence of Glycemia During the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) on Future Risks of Complications During the Study of the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC). Diabetes Care. 2021;44(10):2216–2224. doi:10.2337/dc20-3097
    Cited by: Can complications be prevented?
  64. LaMoia TE, Shulman GI. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Metformin Action. Endocrine Reviews. 2021;42(1):77-96.
    Cited by: What does metformin do?
  65. Lee MJ, Kim J. The pathophysiology of visceral adipose tissues in cardiometabolic diseases. Biochem Pharmacol. 2024;222:116116. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116116
    Cited by: What is the link between weight and diabetes?
  66. Lenhart A, Chey WD. A systematic review of the effects of polyols on gastrointestinal health and irritable bowel syndrome. Adv Nutr. 2017;8(4):587-596. doi:10.3945/an.117.015560
    Cited by: What does sugar-free mean?
  67. Li D, Zhang Y, Wang YQ, et al. Hypoglycemia associated with fluoroquinolone: a pharmacovigilance analysis from 2014 to 2023 based on the FDA adverse event reporting system. Frontiers in Medicine. 2025;12:1583093.
    Cited by: Do medications affect each other?
  68. Li X, Weber NC, Cohn DM, Hollmann MW, DeVries JH, Hermanides J, Preckel B. Effects of Hyperglycemia and Diabetes Mellitus on Coagulation and Hemostasis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021;10(11):2419. doi:10.3390/jcm10112419
    Cited by: Why does diabetes affect the heart?
  69. Ma J, Li M, Yang L, Xie Q, Fan R, Lu X, Huang X, Tong N, Duan Z. Pancreatic Islet Cell Hormones: Secretion, Function, and Diabetes Therapy. MedComm. 2025;6(9):e70359. doi:10.1002/mco2.70359
    Cited by: What is insulin and what does it do?
  70. Mäkinen KK. Gastrointestinal Disturbances Associated with the Consumption of Sugar Alcohols with Special Consideration of Xylitol: Scientific Review and Instructions for Dentists and Other Health-Care Professionals. International Journal of Dentistry. 2016;2016:5967907.
    Cited by: Are sweeteners harmful?
  71. Moen MF, Zhan M, Hsu VD, Walker LD, Einhorn LM, Seliger SL, Fink JC. Frequency of Hypoglycemia and Its Significance in Chronic Kidney Disease. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2009;4(6):1121-1127.
    Cited by: Why does blood sugar drop?
  72. Monod C, Kotzaeridi G, Linder T, Eppel D, Rosicky I, Filippi V, Tura A, Hösli I, Göbl CS. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in women with a family history of type 2 diabetes in first- and second-degree relatives. Acta Diabetol. 2023;60(3):345-351. doi:10.1007/s00592-022-02011-w
    Cited by: Is diabetes hereditary, and does family history raise risk?
  73. Muc M, Jones A, Roberts C, Sheen F, Haynes A, Robinson E. A bit or a lot on the side? Observational study of the energy content of starters, sides and desserts in major UK restaurant chains. BMJ Open. 2019;9(10):e029679.
    Cited by: What changes when you eat out?
  74. Muraki I, Imamura F, Manson JE, Hu FB, Willett WC, van Dam RM, Sun Q. Fruit consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective longitudinal cohort studies. BMJ. 2013;347:f5001. doi:10.1136/bmj.f5001
    Cited by: Can you eat fruit with diabetes?
  75. Nesti L, Mengozzi A, Tricò D. Impact of nutrient type and sequence on glucose tolerance: physiological insights and therapeutic implications. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:144. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00144
    Cited by: Which foods raise blood sugar?
  76. Ozarda Y. Reference intervals: current status, recent developments and future considerations. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2016;26(1):5-11. doi:10.11613/BM.2016.001. PMID: 26981015.
    Cited by: How do you read a lab result sheet?
  77. Parappil A, Doi SAR, Al-Shoumer KAS. Diagnostic criteria for diabetes revisited: making use of combined criteria. BMC Endocrine Disorders. 2002;2:1. doi:10.1186/1472-6823-2-1
    Cited by: What do fasting and post-meal blood sugar measure?
  78. Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Schikman CH, Hinnen DA, Parkin CG, Jelsovsky Z, Petersen B, Schweitzer M, Wagner RS. Structured self-monitoring of blood glucose significantly reduces A1C levels in poorly controlled, noninsulin-treated type 2 diabetes: results from the Structured Testing Program study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(2):262-267. doi:10.2337/dc10-1732
    Cited by: What good is keeping a blood sugar logbook?
  79. Pratumvinit B, Charoenkoop N, Niwattisaiwong S, Kost GJ, Tientadakul P. The effects of temperature and relative humidity on point-of-care glucose measurements in hospital practice in a tropical clinical setting. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2016;10(5):1094-1100. doi:10.1177/1932296816633485
    Cited by: Why do two readings from the same finger differ?
  80. Qiao X, Cai Q, Luo Y, Guo L, Pan Q. Longitudinal Trajectories of Albuminuria and eGFR in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Natural Progression of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2025;2025:9269085. doi:10.1155/jdr/9269085
    Cited by: What does diabetes do to the kidneys?
  81. Ramljak S, Lock JP, Schipper C, Musholt PB, Forst T, Lyon M, Pfützner A. Hematocrit interference of blood glucose meters for patient self-measurement. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2013;7(1):179-189. doi:10.1177/193229681300700123
    Cited by: Why do two readings from the same finger differ?
  82. Sallar A, Dagogo-Jack S. Regression from prediabetes to normal glucose regulation: state of the science. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2020;245(10):889-896. doi:10.1177/1535370220915644
    Cited by: What is prediabetes, and what does borderline diabetes mean?
  83. Sayyed Kassem L, Rajpal A, Barreiro MV, Ismail-Beigi F. Beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes (T2DM): Can it be preserved or enhanced? Journal of Diabetes. 2023;15(10):817-837.
    Cited by: Why does treatment change over time?
  84. Shi X, Xue W, Liang S, Zhao J, Zhang X. Acute caffeine ingestion reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition Journal. 2016;15:103.
    Cited by: Which drinks raise blood sugar?
  85. Shiomi M, Takada T, Otori K, Shibuya K. Frequency of missed doses and its effects on the regulation of glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024;103(15):e37711.
    Cited by: What happens if you miss a medication dose?
  86. Shukla AP, Karan A, Hootman KC, et al. A randomized controlled pilot study of the food order behavioral intervention in prediabetes. Nutrients. 2023;15(20):4452.
    Cited by: Does food order change blood sugar?
  87. Somagutta MR, Agadi K, Hange N, Jain MS, Batti E, Emuze BO, Amos-Arowoshegbe EO, Popescu S, Hanan S, Kumar VR, Pormento MKL. Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors: A Focused Review of Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Triggers. Cureus. 2021;13(3):e13665.
    Cited by: What happens to medications on sick days?, What does a long fast do in diabetes?
  88. Sparre T, Hammershøy L, Steensgaard DB, et al. Factors Affecting Performance of Insulin Pen Injector Technology: A Narrative Review. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2022;17(2):290-301. PMCID: PMC10012375.
    Cited by: What is an insulin pen?
  89. Steck AK, Rewers MJ. Genetics of type 1 diabetes. Clin Chem. 2011;57(2):176-185. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.148221
    Cited by: Is diabetes hereditary, and does family history raise risk?
  90. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HAW, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ. 2000;321(7258):405-412. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.405
    Cited by: Which organs does sugar touch?
  91. Taylor R. The Twin Cycle Hypothesis of type 2 diabetes aetiology: from concept to national NHS programme. Exp Physiol. 2025;110(7):984-991. doi:10.1113/EP092009
    Cited by: What is the link between weight and diabetes?
  92. Vega-Lopez S, Venn BJ, Slavin JL. Relevance of the glycemic index and glycemic load for body weight, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Nutrients. 2018;10(10):1361. doi:10.3390/nu10101361
    Cited by: What is the glycemic index, and is it useful?
  93. Walicka M, Russo C, Baxter M, John I, Caci G, Polosa R. Impact of stopping smoking on metabolic parameters in diabetes mellitus: A scoping review. World J Diabetes. 2022;13(6):422–433. doi:10.4239/wjd.v13.i6.422
    Cited by: What does smoking change in diabetes?
  94. White ND. Alcohol Use in Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. 2017;11(6):433–435.
    Cited by: How does alcohol affect blood sugar?
  95. Widyahening IS, Khunti K, Vos RC, Chew BH. Editorial: Achieving effective management and treatment of diabetes mellitus in future primary care. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2022;13:854244. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.854244
    Cited by: Which doctor do you see if diabetes is suspected?
  96. Wong TWC, Wong MYS, But WMB. Features of partial remission in children with type 1 diabetes using the insulin dose-adjusted A1c definition and risk factors associated with nonremission. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2021;26(2):118-125. doi:10.6065/apem.2040202.101
    Cited by: Does diabetes go away, or is it permanent?, What is type 1 diabetes, and what causes it?
  97. Xiang C, Sun Y, Luo Y, et al. Gastric emptying of a glucose drink is predictive of the glycaemic response to oral glucose and mixed meals, but unrelated to antecedent glycaemic control, in type 2 diabetes. Nutrition & Diabetes. 2024;14:13.
    Cited by: Which drinks raise blood sugar?
  98. Yang DR, Zhang MY, Zhang CL, Wang Y. Endothelial dysfunction in vascular complications of diabetes: a comprehensive review of mechanisms and implications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;15:1359255. doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1359255
    Cited by: Which organs does sugar touch?
  99. Yang Y, Xu G. Update on Pathogenesis of Glomerular Hyperfiltration in Early Diabetic Kidney Disease. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2022;13:872918. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.872918
    Cited by: What does diabetes do to the kidneys?
  100. Zhang E, Zhu H, Song B, Shi Y, Cao Z. Recent Advances in Oral Insulin Delivery Technologies. Journal of Controlled Release. 2024;366:221–230. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.045
    Cited by: Why isn’t insulin taken as a pill?
  101. Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhang C, et al. Diabetic Macular Edema: Current Understanding, Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Cells. 2022;11(21):3362. doi:10.3390/cells11213362
    Cited by: What does diabetes do to the eyes?
  102. Zhu J, Hu Z, Luo Y, et al. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: pathogenetic mechanisms and treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;14:1265372. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1265372
    Cited by: What is neuropathy?

PubMed

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 100 unique sources · 140 citations

  1. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Supplement_1):S216–S245. doi:10.2337/dc26-S010. PMID: 41358899.
    Cited by: Why does diabetes affect the heart?, What else gets checked besides blood sugar?, Which organs does sugar touch?
  2. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Supplement_1):S246–S260. doi:10.2337/dc26-S011. PMID: 41358881.
    Cited by: What does diabetes do to the kidneys?, Why does screening start before symptoms appear?
  3. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 12. Retinopathy, Neuropathy, and Foot Care: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S261–S276. doi:10.2337/dc26-S012
    Cited by: What is neuropathy?, Why do feet matter so much?, Why does screening start before symptoms appear?, What does diabetes do to the eyes?
  4. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S89-S131. doi:10.2337/dc26-S005
    Cited by: What is the glycemic index, and is it useful?, What are carbohydrates, and how many types are there?, What changes when you eat out?, Which drinks raise blood sugar?, How does fiber affect blood sugar?, Can you eat fruit with diabetes?, What is a portion, and how is it measured?, Does food order change blood sugar?, What does sugar-free mean?, How does skipping a meal affect blood sugar?, How to read a nutrition facts label, What is carb counting?, Is a between-meal snack a must?, What does moving during the day mean?, Does lack of sleep raise blood sugar?
  5. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 6. Glycemic Goals, Hypoglycemia, and Hyperglycemic Crises: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S132-S149.
    Cited by: Why is morning blood sugar more stubborn?, How does skipping a meal affect blood sugar?, How can you tell blood sugar dropped at night?, Why does blood sugar drop?, How do you read a blood sugar log?
  6. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 7. Diabetes Technology: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026. Diabetes Care. 2026 Jan;49(Suppl 1):S150-S165. PMID: 41358889.
    Cited by: How do you read a blood sugar log?
  7. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 8. Obesity and Weight Management for the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S166-S182.
    Cited by: What is the link between weight and diabetes?
  8. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S183–S215. doi:10.2337/dc26-S009
    Cited by: How many groups do diabetes medications fall into?, Why does treatment change over time?, What happens if you miss a medication dose?, What are the types of insulin?, Why isn’t insulin taken as a pill?, How do you store insulin?, What are the side effects of diabetes medications?, What happens if pills aren’t enough?, What does metformin do?, What happens to medications on sick days?, Do diabetes medications make you gain weight?
  9. Atkinson FS, Brand-Miller JC, Foster-Powell K, Buyken AE, Goletzke J. International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values 2021: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(5):1625-1632. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab233
    Cited by: What is the glycemic index, and is it useful?
  10. Blanco M, Hernandez MT, Strauss KW, Amaya M. Prevalence and risk factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injecting patients with diabetes. Diabetes and Metabolism. 2013;39(5):445-453.
    Cited by: Why do you change the injection site?
  11. Block JP, Condon SK, Kleinman K, Mullen J, Linakis S, Rifas-Shiman S, Gillman MW. Consumers' estimation of calorie content at fast food restaurants: cross sectional observational study. BMJ. 2013;346:f2907.
    Cited by: What changes when you eat out?
  12. Bus SA, Sacco ICN, Monteiro-Soares M, et al. Guidelines on the prevention of foot ulcers in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2023 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2024;40(3):e3651. doi:10.1002/dmrr.3651
    Cited by: Why do feet matter so much?
  13. Buxton OM, Pavlova M, Reid EW, Wang W, Simonson DC, Adler GK. Sleep restriction for 1 week reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy men. Diabetes. 2010;59(9):2126-2133.
    Cited by: Does lack of sleep raise blood sugar?
  14. Cai X, Zhang Y, Li M, et al. Association between prediabetes and risk of all cause mortality and cardiovascular disease: updated meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m2297. doi:10.1136/bmj.m2297
    Cited by: Which organs does sugar touch?
  15. Cappuccio FP, D’Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(2):414-420.
    Cited by: Does lack of sleep raise blood sugar?
  16. Carlson JN, Schunder-Tatzber S, Neilson CJ, Hood N. Dietary sugars versus glucose tablets for first-aid treatment of symptomatic hypoglycaemia in awake patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2017;34(2):100–106. doi:10.1136/emermed-2015-205637
    Cited by: What do you do when blood sugar drops?
  17. Ching CK, Lam YH, Chan AYW, Mak TWL. Adulteration of herbal antidiabetic products with undeclared pharmaceuticals: a case series in Hong Kong. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;73(5):795-800.
    Cited by: Do herbs that lower blood sugar really work?
  18. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2008;371(9607):117–125. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60104-X
    Cited by: What else gets checked besides blood sugar?
  19. Cohen RM, Franco RS, Khera PK, Smith EP, Lindsell CJ, Ciraolo PJ, Palascak MB, Joiner CH. Red cell life span heterogeneity in hematologically normal people is sufficient to alter HbA1c. Blood. 2008;112(10):4284-4291. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-04-154112
    Cited by: Why is HbA1c checked every three months?
  20. Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, et al. Physical Activity/Exercise and Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(11):2065-2079.
    Cited by: How does movement affect blood sugar?, What does moving during the day mean?
  21. Counterman ED, Lawley SD. What should patients do if they miss a dose of medication? A theoretical approach. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. 2021;48(6):873-892.
    Cited by: What happens if you miss a medication dose?
  22. Cox DJ, Ford D, Gonder-Frederick L, Clarke W, Mazze R, Weinger K, Ritterband L. Driving mishaps among individuals with type 1 diabetes: a prospective study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(12):2177-2180. doi:10.2337/dc08-1510
    Cited by: What does a blood sugar drop disrupt while driving?
  23. Cox DJ, Gonder-Frederick LA, Kovatchev BP, Julian DM, Clarke WL. Progressive hypoglycemia’s impact on driving simulation performance. Occurrence, awareness and correction. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(2):163-170. doi:10.2337/diacare.23.2.163
    Cited by: What does a blood sugar drop disrupt while driving?
  24. Crockett RA, King SE, Marteau TM, et al. Nutritional labelling for healthier food or non-alcoholic drink purchasing and consumption. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018;(2):CD009315.
    Cited by: What changes when you eat out?
  25. Crummett LT, Grosso RJ. Postprandial Glycemic Response to Whole Fruit versus Blended Fruit in Healthy, Young Adults. Nutrients. 2022;14(21):4565. doi:10.3390/nu14214565
    Cited by: Can you eat fruit with diabetes?
  26. Cusi K, Abdelmalek MF, Apovian CM, et al. Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) in People With Diabetes: The Need for Screening and Early Intervention. A Consensus Report of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2025;48(7):1057–1082. doi:10.2337/dci24-0094. PMID: 40434108.
    Cited by: Why is the liver checked separately in diabetes?
  27. D’Orazio P, Burnett RW, Fogh-Andersen N, et al. Approved IFCC recommendation on reporting results for blood glucose (abbreviated). Clin Chem. 2005;51(9):1573-1576.
    Cited by: How do you convert between blood sugar units?
  28. Davoodian N, Lotfaliany M, Huxley RR, et al. Prediabetes transitions to normoglycaemia or type 2 diabetes and associated risk factors in the Obesity, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Collaboration: an individual-level pooled analysis of 19 prospective cohort studies. The Lancet Global Health. 2025;13(9):e1533-e1542. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(25)00237-2
    Cited by: What is prediabetes, and what does borderline diabetes mean?
  29. Dempsey PC, Larsen RN, Sethi P, et al. Benefits for Type 2 Diabetes of Interrupting Prolonged Sitting With Brief Bouts of Light Walking or Simple Resistance Activities. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(6):964-972.
    Cited by: What does moving during the day mean?
  30. Dungan KM, Braithwaite SS, Preiser JC. Stress hyperglycaemia. Lancet. 2009;373(9677):1798-1807.
    Cited by: Does stress raise blood sugar?
  31. Eason RJ, Thomas NJ, Hill AV, Knight BA, Carr A, Hattersley AT, McDonald TJ, Shields BM, Jones AG. Routine Islet Autoantibody Testing in Clinically Diagnosed Adult-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Can Help Identify Misclassification and the Possibility of Successful Insulin Cessation. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(12):2844-2851. doi:10.2337/dc22-0623
    Cited by: Can the diabetes diagnosis you were given change?
  32. Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Life expectancy associated with different ages at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in high-income countries: 23 million person-years of observation. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023;11(10):731-742. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00223-1
    Cited by: Does diabetes shorten your life?
  33. Faerch K, Borch-Johnsen K, Holst JJ, Vaag A. Pathophysiology and aetiology of impaired fasting glycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance: does it matter for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes? Diabetologia. 2009;52(9):1714-1723. doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1443-3
    Cited by: What do fasting and post-meal blood sugar measure?
  34. Fathallah N, Slim R, Larif S, Hmouda H, Ben Salem C. Drug-Induced Hyperglycaemia and Diabetes. Drug Safety. 2015;38(12):1153-1168.
    Cited by: Do medications affect each other?
  35. Fothergill E, Guo J, Howard L, et al. Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after “The Biggest Loser” competition. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(8):1612-1619.
    Cited by: Why is losing weight so hard?
  36. Gaede P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Effect of a Multifactorial Intervention on Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(6):580–591. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0706245
    Cited by: What else gets checked besides blood sugar?
  37. Hanas R, John G; International HbA1c Consensus Committee. 2010 consensus statement on the worldwide standardization of the hemoglobin A1c measurement. Clin Chem. 2010;56(8):1362-1364.
    Cited by: How do you convert between blood sugar units?
  38. Harris MI, Klein R, Welborn TA, Knuiman MW. Onset of NIDDM occurs at least 4-7 yr before clinical diagnosis. Diabetes Care. 1992;15(7):815-819. doi:10.2337/diacare.15.7.815
    Cited by: How is diabetes caught before a complaint appears?
  39. Hicks CW, Selvin E. Epidemiology of Peripheral Neuropathy and Lower Extremity Disease in Diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2019;19(10):86. doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1212-8
    Cited by: Why does screening start before symptoms appear?
  40. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HAW. 10-Year Follow-up of Intensive Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(15):1577–1589. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0806470
    Cited by: Can complications be prevented?
  41. Hortensius J, Slingerland RJ, Kleefstra N, Logtenberg SJJ, Groenier KH, Houweling ST, Bilo HJG. Self-monitoring of blood glucose: the use of the first or the second drop of blood. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(3):556-560. doi:10.2337/dc10-1694
    Cited by: How do you check blood sugar at home?, Why do two readings from the same finger differ?
  42. Host HH, Hansen PA, Nolte LA, Chen MM, Holloszy JO. Rapid reversal of adaptive increases in muscle GLUT-4 and glucose transport capacity after training cessation. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1998;84(3):798-802.
    Cited by: How does movement affect blood sugar?
  43. Jakubowicz D, Wainstein J, Ahrén B, Landau Z, Bar-Dayan Y, Froy O. Fasting until noon triggers increased postprandial hyperglycemia and impaired insulin response after lunch and dinner in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(10):1820-1826.
    Cited by: How does skipping a meal affect blood sugar?
  44. Jennum P, Stender-Petersen K, Rabøl R, Jørgensen NR, Chu P, Madsbad S. The Impact of Nocturnal Hypoglycemia on Sleep in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(11):2151-2157.
    Cited by: How can you tell blood sugar dropped at night?
  45. Kaze AD, Fonarow GC, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB. Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction and Risk of Silent Myocardial Infarction Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2023;12(20):e029814. doi:10.1161/JAHA.123.029814. PMID: 37830346.
    Cited by: Why does diabetes affect the heart?
  46. Klonoff DC, Berard L, Franco DR, et al. Advance Insulin Injection Technique and Education With FITTER Forward Expert Recommendations. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2025;100(4):682-699. PMID: 40180487.
    Cited by: What is an insulin pen?
  47. Kohlenberg JD, Laurenti MC, Egan AM, Schembri Wismayer D, Bailey KR, Cobelli C, Dalla Man C, Vella A. Differential contribution of alpha and beta cell dysfunction to impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetologia. 2023;66(1):201-212. doi:10.1007/s00125-022-05794-3
    Cited by: What do fasting and post-meal blood sugar measure?
  48. Kumar A, Sanghera A, Sanghera B, Mohamed T, Midgen A, Pattison S, Marston L, Jones MM. Chest pain symptoms during myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2023;109(20):1516–1524. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2022-322289. PMID: 37080764.
    Cited by: Why does diabetes affect the heart?
  49. Kuo T, McQueen A, Chen TC, Wang JC. Regulation of glucose homeostasis by glucocorticoids. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;872:99-126.
    Cited by: Does stress raise blood sugar?
  50. Leach MJ, Kumar S. Cinnamon for diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2012(9):CD007170.
    Cited by: Do herbs that lower blood sugar really work?
  51. Li M, Wang X, Shan Z. Deciding between using the first or second drop of blood for the self monitoring of blood glucose. Primary Care Diabetes. 2014;8(4):365-369. doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2014.03.003
    Cited by: How do you check blood sugar at home?
  52. Lohner S, Kuellenberg de Gaudry D, Toews I, Ferenci T, Meerpohl JJ. Non-nutritive sweeteners for diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020;5(5):CD012885.
    Cited by: Are sweeteners harmful?
  53. Malanda UL, Welschen LMC, Riphagen II, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Bot SDM. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are not using insulin. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012;(1):CD005060. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005060.pub3
    Cited by: What good is keeping a blood sugar logbook?
  54. Marcovecchio ML, Chiarelli F. The effects of acute and chronic stress on diabetes control. Sci Signal. 2012;5(247):pt10.
    Cited by: Does stress raise blood sugar?
  55. Marcovina S, Bowsher RR, Miller WG, Staten M, Myers G, Caudill SP, Campbell SE, Steffes MW. Standardization of insulin immunoassays: report of the American Diabetes Association Workgroup. Clinical Chemistry. 2007;53(4):711-716. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2006.082214
    Cited by: What is insulin resistance, and does it mean diabetes?
  56. Matthan NR, Ausman LM, Meng H, Tighiouart H, Lichtenstein AH. Estimating the reliability of glycemic index values and potential sources of methodological and biological variability. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(4):1004-1013. doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.137208
    Cited by: What is the glycemic index, and is it useful?
  57. Mian Z, Hermayer KL, Jenkins A. Continuous glucose monitoring: review of an innovation in diabetes management. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2019;358(5):332-339. doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2019.07.003
    Cited by: What is continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)?
  58. Moebus S, Göres L, Lösch C, Jöckel KH. Impact of time since last caloric intake on blood glucose levels. Eur J Epidemiol. 2011;26(9):719–728. doi:10.1007/s10654-011-9608-z. PMID: 21822717.
    Cited by: What does fasting before a blood test mean?
  59. Monnier L, Colette C, Dejager S, Owens D. Magnitude of the dawn phenomenon and its impact on the overall glucose exposure in type 2 diabetes: is this of concern? Diabetes Care. 2013;36(12):4057-4062.
    Cited by: Why is morning blood sugar more stubborn?
  60. Nathan DM, Kuenen J, Borg R, et al. Translating the A1C assay into estimated average glucose values. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(8):1473–1478.
    Cited by: What is HbA1c, and why the three-month name?
  61. Nathan DM; DCCT/EDIC Research Group. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study at 30 Years: Overview. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(1):9–16. doi:10.2337/dc13-2112
    Cited by: Can complications be prevented?
  62. Pan A, Wang Y, Talaei M, Hu FB. Relation of Smoking With Total Mortality and Cardiovascular Events Among Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Circulation. 2015;132(19):1795–1804. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017926
    Cited by: What does smoking change in diabetes?
  63. Parkin CG, Davidson JA. Value of self-monitoring blood glucose pattern analysis in improving diabetes outcomes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2009 May;3(3):500-8. PMID: 20144288.
    Cited by: How do you read a blood sugar log?
  64. Peddie MC, Bone JL, Rehrer NJ, et al. Breaking prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glycemia in healthy, normal-weight adults: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98(2):358-366.
    Cited by: What does moving during the day mean?
  65. Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Guzman S, Villa-Caballero L, Edelman SV. Psychological Insulin Resistance in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The Scope of the Problem. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(10):2543-2545. PMID: 16186296.
    Cited by: Is starting insulin a failure?
  66. Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Schikman CH, Hinnen DA, Parkin CG, Jelsovsky Z, Axel-Schweitzer M, Petersen B, Wagner RS. A structured self-monitoring of blood glucose approach in type 2 diabetes encourages more frequent, intensive, and effective physician interventions: results from the STeP study. Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics. 2011;13(8):797-802. doi:10.1089/dia.2011.0073
    Cited by: What good is keeping a blood sugar logbook?, How do you read a blood sugar log?
  67. Pop-Busui R, Boulton AJM, Feldman EL, et al. Diabetic Neuropathy: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(1):136–154. doi:10.2337/dc16-2042
    Cited by: What is neuropathy?
  68. Porcellati F, Lucidi P, Bolli GB, Fanelli CG. Thirty years of research on the dawn phenomenon: lessons to optimize blood glucose control in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(12):3860-3862.
    Cited by: Why is morning blood sugar more stubborn?
  69. Rawshani A, Rawshani A, Franzén S, Sattar N, Eliasson B, Svensson AM, Zethelius B, Miftaraj M, McGuire DK, Rosengren A, Gudbjörnsdottir S. Risk Factors, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(7):633-644. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1800256
    Cited by: Does diabetes shorten your life?
  70. Reiber GE, Vileikyte L, Boyko EJ, et al. Causal pathways for incident lower-extremity ulcers in patients with diabetes from two settings. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(1):157–162. doi:10.2337/diacare.22.1.157
    Cited by: Why do feet matter so much?
  71. Richter B, Bongaerts B, Metzendorf MI. Thermal stability and storage of human insulin. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023;11(11):CD015385. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD015385.pub2
    Cited by: How do you store insulin?
  72. Richter EA, Hargreaves M. Exercise, GLUT4, and skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Physiological Reviews. 2013;93(3):993-1017.
    Cited by: How does movement affect blood sugar?
  73. Riddell MC, Gallen IW, Smart CE, Taplin CE, Adolfsson P, Lumb AN, et al. Exercise management in type 1 diabetes: a consensus statement. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2017;5(5):377-390.
    Cited by: Why does blood sugar drop?
  74. Russell-Jones D, Khan R. Insulin-associated weight gain in diabetes - causes, effects and coping strategies. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2007;9(6):799-812.
    Cited by: Do diabetes medications make you gain weight?
  75. Sacks DB, Arnold M, Bakris GL, Bruns DE, Horvath AR, Lernmark Å, Metzger BE, Nathan DM, Kirkman MS. Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(10):e151-e199. doi:10.2337/dci23-0036. PMID: 37471273.
    Cited by: How do you read a lab result sheet?
  76. Sacks DB, Arnold M, Bakris GL, et al. Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Clin Chem. 2011;57(6):e1-e47.
    Cited by: How do you convert between blood sugar units?
  77. Schaper NC, van Netten JJ, Apelqvist J, et al. Practical guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetes-related foot disease (IWGDF 2023 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2024;40(3):e3657. doi:10.1002/dmrr.3657
    Cited by: Why do feet matter so much?, Why do wounds heal slowly?
  78. Senneville É, Albalawi Z, van Asten SA, et al. IWGDF/IDSA guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes-related foot infections (IWGDF/IDSA 2023). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2024;40(3):e3687. doi:10.1002/dmrr.3687
    Cited by: Why do wounds heal slowly?, Which situations can’t wait?
  79. Shields BM, Hicks S, Shepherd MH, Colclough K, Hattersley AT, Ellard S. Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY): how many cases are we missing? Diabetologia. 2010;53(12):2504-2508. doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1799-4
    Cited by: Can the diabetes diagnosis you were given change?
  80. Shukla AP, Iliescu RG, Thomas CE, Aronne LJ. Food order has a significant impact on postprandial glucose and insulin levels. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(7):e98-e99.
    Cited by: Does food order change blood sugar?
  81. Simmons RK, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Sharp SJ, Sargeant LA, Williams KM, Prevost AT, Kinmonth AL, Wareham NJ, Griffin SJ. Screening for type 2 diabetes and population mortality over 10 years (ADDITION-Cambridge): a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9855):1741-1748. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61422-6
    Cited by: How is diabetes caught before a complaint appears?
  82. Šimundić AM, Cornes M, Grankvist K, Lippi G, Nybo M. Standardization of collection requirements for fasting samples: for the Working Group on Preanalytical Phase (WG-PA) of the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM). Clin Chim Acta. 2014;432:33–37. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2013.11.008. PMID: 24269503.
    Cited by: What does fasting before a blood test mean?
  83. Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, Van Cauter E. Brief communication: sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(11):846-850.
    Cited by: Does lack of sleep raise blood sugar?
  84. Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Delbridge E, et al. Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(17):1597-1604.
    Cited by: Why is losing weight so hard?
  85. Šupak-Smolčić V, Antončić D, Ožanić D, Vladilo I, Bilić-Zulle L. Influence of a prolonged fasting and mild activity on routine laboratory tests. Clin Biochem. 2015;48(1-2):85–88. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.10.005. PMID: 25445731.
    Cited by: What does fasting before a blood test mean?
  86. Tahara Y, Shima K. Kinetics of HbA1c, glycated albumin, and fructosamine and analysis of their weight functions against preceding plasma glucose level. Diabetes Care. 1995;18(4):440-447. doi:10.2337/diacare.18.4.440
    Cited by: What is HbA1c, and why the three-month name?, Why is HbA1c checked every three months?
  87. Tetzschner R, Nørgaard K, Ranjan A. Effects of alcohol on plasma glucose and prevention of alcohol-induced hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review with GRADE. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. 2018;34(3):e2965.
    Cited by: How does alcohol affect blood sugar?
  88. Thomas NJ, Jones SE, Weedon MN, Shields BM, Oram RA, Hattersley AT. Frequency and phenotype of type 1 diabetes in the first six decades of life: a cross-sectional, genetically stratified survival analysis from UK Biobank. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(2):122-129. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30362-5
    Cited by: Can the diabetes diagnosis you were given change?
  89. Touhamy S 2nd, Palepu K, Karan A, et al. Carbohydrates-last food order improves time in range and reduces glycemic variability. Diabetes Care. 2025;48(2):e15-e16.
    Cited by: Does food order change blood sugar?
  90. Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V, Holman RR. Glycemic Control With Diet, Sulfonylurea, Metformin, or Insulin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Progressive Requirement for Multiple Therapies (UKPDS 49). JAMA. 1999;281(21):2005-2012.
    Cited by: Why does treatment change over time?
  91. Umpierrez GE, Davis GM, ElSayed NA, Fadini GP, Galindo RJ, Hirsch IB, Klonoff DC, McCoy RG, Misra S, Gabbay RA, Bannuru RR, Dhatariya KK. Hyperglycemic Crises in Adults With Diabetes: A Consensus Report. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(8):1257-1275. doi:10.2337/dci24-0032
    Cited by: Which situations can’t wait?
  92. Watson KE, Dhaliwal K, Robertshaw S, Verdin N, Benterud E, Lamont N, Drall KM, McBrien K, Donald M, Tsuyuki RT, Campbell DJT, Pannu N, James MT. Consensus Recommendations for Sick Day Medication Guidance for People With Diabetes, Kidney, or Cardiovascular Disease: A Modified Delphi Process. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2023;81(5):564-574.
    Cited by: What happens to medications on sick days?
  93. Weykamp C. HbA1c: a review of analytical and clinical aspects. Ann Lab Med. 2013;33(6):393-400.
    Cited by: How do you convert between blood sugar units?
  94. Wilde P, Pomeranz JL, Lizewski LJ, Zhang FF. Consumer confusion about wholegrain content and healthfulness in product labels: a discrete choice experiment and comprehension assessment. Public Health Nutr. 2020;23(18):3324-3331. doi:10.1017/S1368980020001688
    Cited by: What does sugar-free mean?
  95. Xi B, Li S, Liu Z, Tian H, Yin X, Huai P, Tang W, Zhou D, Steffen LM. Intake of fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e93471. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093471
    Cited by: Can you eat fruit with diabetes?
  96. Younk LM, Mikeladze M, Tate D, Davis SN. Exercise-related hypoglycemia in diabetes mellitus. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2011;6(1):93-108.
    Cited by: Does physical activity cause your blood sugar to drop?
  97. Zabaleta-del-Olmo E, Vlacho B, Jodar-Fernández L, Urpí-Fernández AM, Lumillo-Gutiérrez I, Agudo-Ugena J, Morros-Pedrós R, Violán C. Safety of the reuse of needles for subcutaneous insulin injection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2016;60:121-132. PMID: 27297374.
    Cited by: What is an insulin pen?
  98. Zammitt NN, Warren RE, Deary IJ, Frier BM. Delayed recovery of cognitive function following hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes: effect of impaired awareness of hypoglycemia. Diabetes. 2008;57(3):732-736. doi:10.2337/db07-0695
    Cited by: What does a blood sugar drop disrupt while driving?
  99. Zhu P, Pan XF, Sheng L, Chen H, Pan A. Cigarette Smoking, Diabetes, and Diabetes Complications: Call for Urgent Action. Curr Diab Rep. 2017;17(9):78. doi:10.1007/s11892-017-0903-2
    Cited by: What does smoking change in diabetes?
  100. Zuraikat FM, Laferrère B, Cheng B, et al. Chronic Insufficient Sleep in Women Impairs Insulin Sensitivity Independent of Adiposity Changes: Results of a Randomized Trial. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(1):117-125. doi:10.2337/dc23-1156
    Cited by: What is the link between weight and diabetes?

NCBI Bookshelf

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 43 unique sources · 67 citations

  1. Bodman MA, Dreyer MA, Varacallo MA. Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. [Updated 2024 Feb 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Bookshelf ID: NBK442009.
    Cited by: What is neuropathy?
  2. Boulton AJM, Whitehouse RW. The Diabetic Foot. [Updated 2023 Tem 28]. In: Feingold KR, Adler RA, Ahmed SF, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000–. Bookshelf ID: NBK409609.
    Cited by: Why do feet matter so much?
  3. Corcoran C, Jacobs TF. Metformin. [Updated 2023 Aug 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026.
    Cited by: What are the side effects of diabetes medications?, What does metformin do?
  4. Correa R, Patel P, Nappe TM. Glipizide. [Updated 2025 Nov 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026.
    Cited by: What are the side effects of diabetes medications?
  5. Daley SF, Shreenath AP. The Role of Dietary Fiber in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: A Practical Guide for Clinicians. [Updated 2025 Dec 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026.
    Cited by: What are carbohydrates, and how many types are there?, How does fiber affect blood sugar?
  6. Davis HA, Spanakis EK, Cryer PE, Siamashvili M, Davis SN. Hypoglycemia During Therapy of Diabetes. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; updated 2024.
    Cited by: How can you tell blood sugar dropped at night?, Why does blood sugar drop?, Does physical activity cause your blood sugar to drop?
  7. Dhatariya K, Mustafa O, Stathi D. Hyperglycemic Crises. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; updated 10 June 2025.
    Cited by: Which situations can’t wait?
  8. Donnor T, Sarkar S. Insulin — Pharmacology, Therapeutic Regimens and Principles of Intensive Insulin Therapy. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; updated 15 February 2023.
    Cited by: What are the types of insulin?, Why isn’t insulin taken as a pill?, How do you store insulin?
  9. Dyatlova N, Tobarran NV, Kannan L, North R, Wills BK. Metformin-Associated Lactic Acidosis (MALA). In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Last updated 2023 Apr 17.
    Cited by: What happens to medications on sick days?
  10. Eyth E, Zubair M, Naik R. Hemoglobin A1C. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 (updated 2 June 2025). Bookshelf ID: NBK549816.
    Cited by: Why is HbA1c checked every three months?
  11. Freeman AM, Acevedo LA, Pennings N. Insulin Resistance. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; updated 17 August 2023.
    Cited by: What is insulin resistance, and does it mean diabetes?
  12. Girish V, John S. Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; last updated 9 August 2025. Bookshelf ID: NBK541033.
    Cited by: Why is the liver checked separately in diabetes?
  13. Goyal R, Singhal M, Jialal I. Type 2 Diabetes. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; updated 23 June 2023.
    Cited by: What is type 2 diabetes, how does it develop?, Which doctor do you see if diabetes is suspected?
  14. Holesh JE, Aslam S, Martin A. Physiology, Carbohydrates. [Updated 2023 May 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026.
    Cited by: What are carbohydrates, and how many types are there?, How does fiber affect blood sugar?
  15. Kasina SVSK, Baradhi KM. Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DPP IV) Inhibitors. [Updated 2023 May 22]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026.
    Cited by: What are the side effects of diabetes medications?
  16. Kaur J, Gandhi J, Sharma S. Physiology, Cortisol. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025.
    Cited by: Does stress raise blood sugar?
  17. Liman MNP, Jialal I. Physiology, Glycosuria. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Bookshelf ID: NBK557441.
    Cited by: What does sugar in urine mean?
  18. Lizzo JM, Goyal A, Kaur J. Adult Diabetic Ketoacidosis. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-. Updated 30 November 2025. Bookshelf ID: NBK560723.
    Cited by: What are the first signs of diabetes?, What is diabetic ketoacidosis?, What are ketones, and when are they checked?
  19. Lucier J, Mathias PM. Type 1 Diabetes. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; last updated 5 October 2024.
    Cited by: What is type 1 diabetes, and what causes it?, What are the first signs of diabetes?
  20. Mathew P, Thoppil D. Hypoglycemia. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
    Cited by: How can you tell your blood sugar is dropping?, How does alcohol affect blood sugar?, Why does blood sugar drop?, What do you do when blood sugar drops?, Which situations can’t wait?
  21. Mathew TK, Zubair M. Blood Glucose Monitoring. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; guncelleme 2026 Nis 12. Bookshelf ID: NBK555976.
    Cited by: Why does testing frequency vary from person to person?, Why do two readings from the same finger differ?, What is continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)?
  22. McKennon SA. Non-Pharmaceutical Intervention Options For Type 2 Diabetes: Complementary and Integrative Health Approaches. In: Endotext. MDText.com; 2024. Bookshelf ID NBK279062.
    Cited by: Do herbs that lower blood sugar really work?
  23. Melkonian EA, Asuka E, Schury MP. Physiology, Gluconeogenesis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; last updated 13 November 2023.
    Cited by: How does alcohol affect blood sugar?, How does skipping a meal affect blood sugar?
  24. Morris CH, Baker J. Glucagon. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. (Last updated: 6 February 2025.)
    Cited by: What is glucagon, and when is it needed?
  25. Naylor R, Knight Johnson A, del Gaudio D. Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young Overview. In: GeneReviews. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2026. Published 24 May 2018.
    Cited by: Is diabetes hereditary, and does family history raise risk?
  26. O’Neal TB, Luther EE. Dawn Phenomenon. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026; NCBI Bookshelf NBK430893.
    Cited by: Why is morning blood sugar more stubborn?
  27. Padda IS, Mahtani AU, Parmar M. Sodium-Glucose Transport 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Bookshelf ID: NBK576405.
    Cited by: What does sugar in urine mean?, What are the side effects of diabetes medications?
  28. Pahwa R, Jialal I. Atherosclerosis. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-. Updated 8 August 2023. Bookshelf ID: NBK507799.
    Cited by: Why does diabetes affect the heart?
  29. Queremel Milani DA, Jialal I. Urinalysis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Bookshelf ID: NBK557685.
    Cited by: What does sugar in urine mean?
  30. Quintanilla Rodriguez BS, Mahdy H. Gestational Diabetes. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-. Updated 15 September 2025. Bookshelf ID: NBK545196.
    Cited by: What is gestational diabetes, and does birth end it?
  31. Rix I, Nexøe-Larsen C, Bergmann NC, Lund A, Knop FK. Glucagon Physiology. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, et al., editors. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2019.
    Cited by: What is glucagon, and when is it needed?
  32. Rout P, Jialal I. Diabetic Nephropathy. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-. Updated 9 January 2025. Bookshelf ID: NBK534200.
    Cited by: What does diabetes do to the kidneys?
  33. Sanvictores T, Casale J, Huecker MR. Physiology, Fasting. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026; NCBI Bookshelf NBK534877.
    Cited by: How does skipping a meal affect blood sugar?, What does a long fast do in diabetes?
  34. Sapra A, Bhandari P. Diabetes. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; updated 21 June 2023. NCBI Bookshelf NBK551501.
    Cited by: Why does diabetes cause constant thirst and weight loss?
  35. Shaikh S, Latheef A, Razi SM, et al. Diabetes Management During Ramadan. In: Endotext. MDText.com; 2022. Bookshelf ID NBK581875.
    Cited by: What does a long fast do in diabetes?
  36. Shukla UV, Tripathy K. Diabetic Retinopathy. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; last updated 25 August 2023. Bookshelf ID: NBK560805.
    Cited by: Why does screening start before symptoms appear?, What does diabetes do to the eyes?
  37. Thota S, Akbar A. Insulin. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; updated 10 July 2023.
    Cited by: What is insulin and what does it do?, What happens if you miss a medication dose?, What are the types of insulin?, Why isn’t insulin taken as a pill?
  38. Weinstock RS, Aleppo G, Bailey TS, Bergenstal RM, Fisher WA, Greenwood DA, Young LA. The Role of Blood Glucose Monitoring in Diabetes Management. Arlington (VA): American Diabetes Association; 2020. doi:10.2337/db2020-31. PMID: 33411424. Bookshelf ID: NBK566165.
    Cited by: Why does testing frequency vary from person to person?
  39. World Health Organization. Use of Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus: Abbreviated Report of a WHO Consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
    Cited by: What is HbA1c, and why the three-month name?
  40. World Health Organization. Use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: abbreviated report of a WHO consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. NCBI Bookshelf NBK304271.
    Cited by: Which lab tests are used to diagnose diabetes?
  41. World Health Organization. Use of Non-Sugar Sweeteners: WHO Guideline. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023.
    Cited by: Are sweeteners harmful?
  42. Zahalka SJ, Abushamat LA, Scalzo RL, Reusch JEB. The Role of Exercise in Diabetes. Endotext (NCBI Bookshelf), updated 6 July 2025.
    Cited by: How does movement affect blood sugar?
  43. Zubair M, Launico MV. Glucose Tolerance Test. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Bookshelf ID: NBK532915.
    Cited by: What is the glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?

Diabetes Journals (American Diabetes Association)

diabetesjournals.org · 8 unique sources · 29 citations

  1. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S321-S338. doi:10.2337/dc26-S015
    Cited by: What is gestational diabetes, and does birth end it?
  2. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S27–S49. doi:10.2337/dc26-S002
    Cited by: What is diabetes, and what happens in the body?, How do type 1 and type 2 diabetes differ?, Is diabetes hereditary, and does family history raise risk?, What is type 2 diabetes, how does it develop?, What is prediabetes, and what does borderline diabetes mean?, What is insulin resistance, and does it mean diabetes?, Why does diabetes cause constant thirst and weight loss?, Which doctor do you see if diabetes is suspected?, What is the glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?, What does fasting before a blood test mean?, What does sugar in urine mean?, How is diabetes caught before a complaint appears?, How do you read a lab result sheet?
  3. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 4. Comprehensive Medical Evaluation and Assessment of Comorbidities: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S61–S88. doi:10.2337/dc26-S004
    Cited by: Which doctor do you see if diabetes is suspected?, Why is the liver checked separately in diabetes?
  4. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 6. Glycemic Goals, Hypoglycemia, and Hyperglycemic Crises: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Supplement_1):S132–S149. doi:10.2337/dc26-S006
    Cited by: How can you tell your blood sugar is dropping?, Why does testing frequency vary from person to person?, Why is HbA1c checked every three months?, What is diabetic ketoacidosis?, What do you do when blood sugar drops?, Which situations can’t wait?, What are ketones, and when are they checked?, What is glucagon, and when is it needed?
  5. O’Neal KS, Johnson JL, Panak RL. Recognizing and Appropriately Treating Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults. Diabetes Spectr. 2016;29(4):249-252. doi:10.2337/ds15-0047
    Cited by: What is type 1 diabetes, and what causes it?
  6. Riddle MC, Cefalu WT, Evans PH, Gerstein HC, Nauck MA, Oh WK, Rothberg AE, le Roux CW, Rubino F, Schauer P, Taylor R, Twenefour D. Consensus Report: Definition and Interpretation of Remission in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(10):2438-2444. doi:10.2337/dci21-0034
    Cited by: Does diabetes go away, or is it permanent?
  7. Teufel F, Orgutsova K, Genitsaridi I, et al. Global, Regional, and National Estimates of Undiagnosed Diabetes in Adults: Findings From the 2025 IDF Diabetes Atlas. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(3):490-496. doi:10.2337/dc25-2583
    Cited by: What are the first signs of diabetes?
  8. Umpierrez GE, Davis GM, ElSayed NA, et al. Hyperglycemic Crises in Adults With Diabetes: A Consensus Report (ADA, EASD, JBDS, AACE, DTS). Diabetes Care. 2024;47(8):1257–1275.
    Cited by: What is diabetic ketoacidosis?, What are ketones, and when are they checked?

World Health Organization (WHO)

who.int · 8 unique sources · 25 citations

  1. World Health Organization, International Diabetes Federation. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia: report of a WHO/IDF consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. ISBN 978-92-4-159493-6.
    Cited by: Which lab tests are used to diagnose diabetes?
  2. World Health Organization. Carbohydrate intake for adults and children: WHO guideline. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. ISBN 978-92-4-007359-3.
    Cited by: Which foods raise blood sugar?, Does what I eat matter more than how much?
  3. World Health Organization. Classification of diabetes mellitus. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. ISBN 978-92-4-151570-2.
    Cited by: Which lab tests are used to diagnose diabetes?
  4. World Health Organization. Diabetes (fact sheet). Geneva: WHO; 14 November 2024.
    Cited by: What is diabetes, and what happens in the body?, What is insulin and what does it do?, How do type 1 and type 2 diabetes differ?, Is diabetes hereditary, and does family history raise risk?, Does diabetes go away, or is it permanent?, What is type 1 diabetes, and what causes it?, What is type 2 diabetes, how does it develop?, What is prediabetes, and what does borderline diabetes mean?, What are the first signs of diabetes?, Why does diabetes cause constant thirst and weight loss?, Which organs does sugar touch?, Does diabetes shorten your life?
  5. World Health Organization. Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy. Geneva: WHO; 2013. 63 s. Belge no: WHO/NMH/MND/13.2.
    Cited by: What is gestational diabetes, and does birth end it?, What is the glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?
  6. World Health Organization. Guideline: Sugars Intake for Adults and Children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. ISBN 978-92-4-154902-8.
    Cited by: What are carbohydrates, and how many types are there?, Which drinks raise blood sugar?, Can you eat fruit with diabetes?, What does sugar-free mean?, How to read a nutrition facts label
  7. World Health Organization. Tobacco and diabetes. WHO tobacco knowledge summary. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. ISBN 978-92-4-008417-9.
    Cited by: What does smoking change in diabetes?
  8. World Health Organization. WHO updates list of essential medicines to include key cancer, diabetes treatments. Geneva: World Health Organization; 5 September 2025.
    Cited by: How many groups do diabetes medications fall into?

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)

fao.org · 3 unique sources · 4 citations

  1. Codex Alimentarius Commission. General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods, CXS 1-1985 (Codex Stan 1-1985), last amended 2010. FAO/WHO, Rome.
    Cited by: How to read a nutrition facts label
  2. Codex Alimentarius Commission. Guidelines for Use of Nutrition and Health Claims (CAC/GL 23-1997): Table of conditions for nutrient contents. In: Codex Alimentarius, Food Labelling. Rome: FAO/WHO.
    Cited by: What does sugar-free mean?
  3. Codex Alimentarius Commission. Guidelines on Nutrition Labelling (CXG 2-1985), adopted 1985, revised 2011, amended through 2013; Annex revised 2015. Rome: FAO/WHO.
    Cited by: What does sugar-free mean?, How to read a nutrition facts label

PLOS

journals.plos.org · 3 unique sources · 3 citations

  1. Kaufmann B, Boulle P, Berthou F, et al. Heat-stability study of various insulin types in tropical temperature conditions. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(2):e0245372. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245372
    Cited by: How do you store insulin?
  2. Reynolds AN, Akerman AP, Mann J. Dietary fibre and whole grains in diabetes management: Systematic review and meta-analyses. PLoS Med. 2020;17(3):e1003053. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003053
    Cited by: How does fiber affect blood sugar?
  3. Schultes B, Jauch-Chara K, Gais S, Hallschmid M, Reiprich E, Kern W, et al. Defective Awakening Response to Nocturnal Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. PLoS Medicine. 2007;4(2):e69.
    Cited by: How can you tell blood sugar dropped at night?

DOI permanent link

doi.org · 2 unique sources · 2 citations

  1. Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, Garvey WT, Lau KHK, MacLeod J, Mitri J, Pereira RF, Rawlings K, Robinson S, Saslow L, Uelmen S, Urbanski PB, Yancy WS Jr. Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(5):731-754.
    Cited by: Does what I eat matter more than how much?
  2. Wolever TMS, Bolognesi C. Prediction of glucose and insulin responses of normal subjects after consuming mixed meals varying in energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate and glycemic index. The Journal of Nutrition. 1996;126(11):2807-2812.
    Cited by: Does what I eat matter more than how much?

Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

ccjm.org · 1 unique sources · 2 citations

  1. Rodriguez Alvarez P, San Martin VT, Morey-Vargas OL. Hyperglycemic crises in adults: A look at the 2024 consensus report. Cleve Clin J Med. 2025;92(3):152-158. doi:10.3949/ccjm.92a.24089
    Cited by: What is diabetic ketoacidosis?, What are ketones, and when are they checked?

TEMD (Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Türkiye)

file.temd.org.tr · 1 unique sources · 31 citations

  1. Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği (TEMD). Diabetes Mellitus ve Komplikasyonlarının Tanı, Tedavi ve İzlem Kılavuzu-2026. 17. Baskı. TEMD; 2026. ISBN 978-625-99759-8-6
    Cited by: What is diabetes, and what happens in the body?, How do type 1 and type 2 diabetes differ?, Which lab tests are used to diagnose diabetes?, What is HbA1c, and why the three-month name?, How do you check blood sugar at home?, How many groups do diabetes medications fall into?, How can you tell your blood sugar is dropping?, What is type 2 diabetes, how does it develop?, What is prediabetes, and what does borderline diabetes mean?, What is gestational diabetes, and does birth end it?, What are the first signs of diabetes?, Why does testing frequency vary from person to person?, What is the glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?, What is continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)?, What is carb counting?, Is starting insulin a failure?, What are the types of insulin?, What does metformin do?, What is diabetic ketoacidosis?, What does diabetes do to the kidneys?, What is neuropathy?, Why do feet matter so much?, Can complications be prevented?, Why does screening start before symptoms appear?, What else gets checked besides blood sugar?, What are ketones, and when are they checked?, What is glucagon, and when is it needed?, What does diabetes do to the eyes?, How does movement affect blood sugar?, Can the diabetes diagnosis you were given change?, How is diabetes caught before a complaint appears?

International Diabetes Federation (IDF)

idf.org · 1 unique sources · 1 citations

  1. International Diabetes Federation. Type 1 diabetes. Brussels: IDF; accessed 5 August 2026.
    Cited by: What is type 1 diabetes, and what causes it?

JAMA Network

jamanetwork.com · 1 unique sources · 1 citations

  1. Emdin CA, Rahimi K, Neal B, Callender T, Perkovic V, Patel A. Blood Pressure Lowering in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015;313(6):603–615. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.18574
    Cited by: What else gets checked besides blood sugar?

SAGE Journals

journals.sagepub.com · 1 unique sources · 1 citations

  1. Tian T, Aaron RE, Huang J, et al. Lipohypertrophy and Insulin: An Update From the Diabetes Technology Society. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2023;17(6):1711-1721.
    Cited by: Why do you change the injection site?

KEDD (Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes Association, Türkiye)

kedd.org.tr · 1 unique sources · 5 citations

  1. Klinik Endokrinoloji ve Diyabet Derneği (KEDD). Tip 2 Diyabet Farmakolojik Tedavi Kılavuzu. Yenilenmiş 2. Baskı. KEDD; 2023. ISBN 978-605-74516-0-6
    Cited by: How many groups do diabetes medications fall into?, Why does treatment change over time?, What happens if pills aren’t enough?, What does metformin do?, Do diabetes medications make you gain weight?

NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence)

nice.org.uk · 1 unique sources · 2 citations

  1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. NICE guideline NG17; 2015, last updated 2022.
    Cited by: What is diabetic ketoacidosis?, What are ketones, and when are they checked?

NIDDK (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)

niddk.nih.gov · 1 unique sources · 1 citations

  1. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Low Blood Glucose (Hypoglycemia). Bethesda, MD: NIDDK; 2021.
    Cited by: How can you tell your blood sugar is dropping?

The Lancet

thelancet.com · 1 unique sources · 1 citations

  1. Lean MEJ, Leslie WS, Barnes AC, et al. 5-year follow-up of the randomised Diabetes Remission Clinical Trial (DiRECT) of continued support for weight loss maintenance in the UK: an extension study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024;12(4):233-246. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00385-6
    Cited by: Does diabetes go away, or is it permanent?

Turkish Diabetes Foundation (Türkiye Diyabet Vakfı)

turkdiab.org · 1 unique sources · 3 citations

  1. Türkiye Diyabet Vakfı. TÜRKDİAB Diyabet Tanı ve Tedavi Rehberi 2026. 15. Baskı. Türkiye Diyabet Vakfı; 2026. ISBN 978-625-94103-5-7
    Cited by: Which lab tests are used to diagnose diabetes?, What is prediabetes, and what does borderline diabetes mean?, Why is HbA1c checked every three months?

↑ Back to top